Do you know

• What an index, database or abstract is?
• What a citation is?
• What is meant by full-text?

See also: "Find Articles"

Deciding on a Topic and Search Terms

Deciding on a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research. If you're not sure of how to start, talk with your professor, ask a Reference Librarian, check out the News & Current Issues page or Ideas for Papers.

1. Think about a topic that interests you and that will hold your attention as you research and write your paper.
    
2. Do some quick background reading from a textbook, an article that reviews the literature written on that topic, an article your professor might recommend, or a subject encyclopedia. These tools can help you get a general understanding of the different aspects of the topic. You will also be introduced to the terms used by the professionals who write in that field.
    
3. Try to narrow your topic to something manageable. You may need to rework your ideas about your topic as you do the research based on what you find or don't find. Talk with you professor if you run into problems.
    
4. Once you have a topic, write it out as a short sentence or a question.
                     "How does stress affect memory?"
    
5. Identify the different concepts and develop a list of the keywords and synonyms.

• Memory, Recall, Forgetfulness, Recollection
• Stress, Anxiety, Pressure

6. The next step is to choose the databases to search for the books and journals you'll need.

Choosing the Right Database(s)

After deciding on a topic and identifying the keywords, the next step is to choose a database. With over 70 different databases, this can be confusing. If you are unsure of where to start, ask a reference librarian for suggestions,
          or ...

1. Think about your topic in terms of what broad subject area(s) that it might fall under. (Psychology, History, etc.) Use the Resources by Subject to see which indexes are available. Remember, you may need to search more than one index to find what you want or to get enough information.
   
2. All our databases have links (Linksource) to the specific journals we can make available to you. But don't miss out on good information just because an article is not full-text. Check out for Articles Not Available at UML.
    

Understanding and Using Search Strategies

Searching any database can be more effective by understanding and using a few basic search strategies. Databases vary in the way you have to type in these strategies, so be sure to either check out the database help screens or ask a reference librarian.

1. Know the difference between subject vs. keyword searching.
2. Know what truncation is and how to use it to expand your search.
3. Know how to use Boolean Operators (connectors) — AND, OR, NOT — to increase, decrease or have more precise results.
4. Know how to nest terms for grouping search terms.
5. Know how to do field specific searching to make your search more precise.

Subject Vs. Keyword Searching

Subject Searching

When an article is indexed in a database, it is given subject headings that describe what information is covered. Subject headings are limited to a set of terms developed by the company that produces the database. To know what terms are "subject" headings, check to see if the database provide a Thesaurus or a List of Subjects.

PRO: Authors use different terms when writing about the same concept (cars, automobiles, motor vehicles, etc.). Rather than thinking of every possible synonym, find and use the subject heading for that concept to retrieve all relevant articles, regardless of the terms authors may use.

CON: There may not be a subject heading for your concept or it may be difficult to find one that exactly fits your concept.

Keyword or Phrase Searching

In a keyword search the database generates a list of articles that can have the term or phrase anywhere in the record for that article ... in the title, author, abstract or even in their subject headings.

PRO: Sometimes a concept may be a narrower aspect of a broad subject heading (text comprehension is a specific aspect of reading). Searching "text comprehension" as a keyword phrase saves you the time of wading through all the articles on "reading" that don't deal with text comprehension.

CON: Keyword searching usually retrieves a lot of articles but not all of them will use the keyword in the context you want. For example, a keyword search using "reading" might also get you articles on business management by an author named George Reading.

NOTE: When in doubt, try both kinds of searches, subject and keyword! It only takes a couple of seconds to try both to see which gathers the best results for your particular topic!

Truncation

Truncation allows you to search for a root form of a word and pick up all variations of that term. Truncating broadens your search and ensure that you retrieve all items containing some form of that word.

teen* will retrieve articles with the terms

• teen
• teens
• teenager
• teenagers  

If you want all forms of the term culture, and you type cul*, your articles will contain terms that you don't want:

• cults
• cultivate
• culinary
• culminate
• culotte
• culprit

The best way to truncate culture is cultur*.

Boolean Operators

The search engine of online journal indexes are based on a system of combining terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to control the results of your search. To use two or more Boolean operators, you need to know how to use a technique called nesting.

• Use AND to narrow a search since both terms must be present in the articles you retrieve.

The black area represents only those articles that have both children and adolescents present.  

memory OR recall

 

The black area represents articles that have either or both terms present.

 

• Use NOT to exclude a term. Articles with the first term will be retrieved. Articles with the second term will not.

children NOT adolescents

 

 

The black area represents those articles that have the term children but not the term adolescents.

 

Nesting

Nesting involves using parentheses so the search engine will perform the Boolean operations in the sequence you intend. This technique allows you to build a complex search using two or more operators (AND, OR, NOT, NEAR, WITH).

risk* AND (adolescents OR teenagers )

 

 

In this search the OR operation is nested and will be performed first. Then the AND operation will be performed. The search results are represented by the yellow i.e. articles on risk taking or risky behavior and adolescents as well as items on risk taking or risky behavior and teenagers.

Field Specific Searching

Another way to refine a search is to limit your search to a field. A field is an record element containing a specific type of information about a journal article. Some examples of fields are:

• title
• author
• subject or descriptor
• journal or source
• publication date
• abstract
• full-text indicator

When to Use Field Specific Searching

1. When you want articles from a particular journal (JN psychology today.......SO journal of abnormal psychology)
2. When you want information from a specific year or range of years (PY 2000-2007)
3. When terms specified as subject headings or descriptors would be better than keywords (SU education)
4. When you want to see all the works of a particular author in the database (AU decaprio)
5. When you want to only retrieve items that appear in the title of the article ( TI text comprehension)

To find out how to do a field-specific search in a particular database, check the database's Help screens or ask a reference librarian.

Getting the Article(s) You Want

There are several tools to use for getting articles: Full text Databases, LinkSource, UML E-Journal List and our Library Catalog.

Full-text Databases and LinkSource

1. Our indexes are purchased from different vendors. Each vendor makes certain journal articles available in full text. With LinkSource all indexes give you links to our full text articles regardless from what source we purchase the journal..

• In our indexes the phrase " Linked Full Text , the adobe acrobat icon or a graphic shows that the full-text is directly from the index vendor.

• At the end of each citation, you should also find a phrase Check for full text availability or just the icon . Clicking on this links will take you to a page that either "finds no match"  or gives you the link to the article.

2. Be sure the computer you are using has the necessary software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat Reader) to view and print out some types of full-text articles.

UML E-Journal List

The UML E-Journal & Newspaper list contains the links to all our online journals and newspapers.

Use this list if Linksource is missing at the end of a citation in your search results or if you are trying to find articles from the references in a book or another journal article

• Type in the journal name in the right hand search box.
• The results will either show 0 matches (no access to this title) or
• Display the title and the links to the journal from all sources
• Be sure to choose the link that covers the year your article was published.
• Notice that two links do not have access to the current year or  6 months. 

Paper or Microform Copies

Journals not available electronically may be available at UMass Lowell in paper or microfilm format.
Search the Library Catalog

• Select  Journal Title Browse and type in the journal name.
  
• The holding library (Lydon, O'Leary) will be named.
  
• Paper copy holdings are listed first e.g. v. 10- 1980- means we own from volume 10, 1980 to the present
  
• Make note of the call number of the journal e.g.BF321.Z9.
  
• The bound journals are arranged as follows:
  O'Leary - Call Letters A-Z -- 4th floor interfiled with regular books 
  Lydon - Call Letters G,H, Q-T-- 2d floor
  
• The microform holdings will be listed e.g. Microfilm: v. 1-9, 1970-1979 underneath the paper.
  O'Leary Microforms - 1st floor adjacent to the reference area
  Lydon Microforms - 2nd floor 
   

Articles Not Available at UMass Lowell

If the article you want is not available at UML:

• Request a journal article using our InterLibrary Loan service
  The ILL Request Form is available online. Follow the instructions that are given. Be aware that the process can take from five days to a week, so plan accordingly. If you want your articles forwarded to you by e-mail, be sure to include your correct e-mail address on the form.

Do You Know?

Database, Catalog, Index, Abstract, Search Engines

A database is a general term for any structured file of records that you can search. Our catalog is a database of records for our books, scores, music recordings, videos and DVDs, etc. A journal index is a database of records for articles published in journals, magazines, and often newspapers. With most journal indexes there are brief summaries of the article called abstracts. All databases have search engines, that is, software that enables you to search and retrieve items. Searching a database gives you list of citations, that describe the items.

Journal Citation

A journal citation contains the basic information needed to identify and find a journal article. This is the same information you will need in typing up the list of articles (references) you use to write your paper.

Secret History Of Lead. (use of leaded gasoline) Jamie Lincoln Kitman.
The Nation March 20, 2000 v270 i11 p11

• The Title of the article : Secret History of Lead
• The Author of the article : Jamie Lincoln Kitman
• The Name of the journal : Nation
• The publication date: March 20, 2000
• The volume number: v.270
• The issue number: i11
• The page number: p11.

Full-Text

Full-text is a term that means that the content of an article is available online, not just a citation.

The Secret History Of Lead. (use of leaded gasoline). Jamie Lincoln Kitman.
The Nation March 20, 2000 v270 i11 p11.
       Linked HTML  Linked text with graphics


Full text can come in a variety of formats. 

• The Adobe Acrobat format provides you a picture of each page exactly as it appeared in the original paper format. If you are going to quote or footnote information from a specific page in an article, choose this format. The pagination is exactly the same regardless of what printer you use.
• Linked HTML gives you all the text of the article but unless indicated it may not include graphics or charts. Also, pagination not only differs from the original paper version but varies depending upon the font type and size of the printer used.
• Linked text with graphics  gives you both text and graphics but, again, pagination not only differs from the original paper version but varies depending upon the font type and size of the printer used.

Consult the recommended style sheet to see how to reference online articles. 

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