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Introduces topics such as the chemical and physical basis of life, its evolution, diversity, distribution, and interrelationships of life forms. The central theme of genetic replication, translation, expression, and selection will be emphasized as a unifying principle which determines and integrates structure and function at the cellular, individual population, and community levels of organization. Designed for those students who intend to pursue career options in the biological sciences, biotechnology or related areas such as medicine, biomedical research, radiological sciences or environmental sciences. It is the first-semester course of a two-semester sequence.
 
Co-Req: 81.117 Experimental Biology I.
 
Serves as a continuation of the 81.111/81.112 sequence for those students who intend to pursue career options in the biological sciences or related professional areas such as medicine, biomedical research or environmental sciences. Molecular energy exchange in organisms (photosynthesis and respiratory metabolism), the common functional needs of support, locomotion, nutrition, internal communication and the maintenance of homeostasis are considered. Control and regulation of organisms at levels beyond the individual are considered through discussions of population and community ecology. 
 
Co-Req: 81.118 Experimental Biology II.
 
Presents a series of field trips and laboratory exercises designed to introduce the student to concepts of the distribution and maintenance of life. Specific consideration is given to the diversity and organization of local ecosystems; the continuation of life is considered through exercises covering mitosis, meiosis, genetics, and evolutionary biology.
 
Provides laboratory experiments, analyses, and dissections designed to introduce the student to biological techniques and processes at the sub-cellular, cellular, and organ systems levels. 
 
Freshman Seminar in Biology (Honors section available) This course offers a small group seminar format for problem solving and discussion with faculty and staff. It is designed for individual participation in exploring concepts related to material considered in Principles of Biology I and II (81.111 and 81.112). Required of freshman students; optional, with permission of instructor, to others registered in lecture section.
 
This course is designed to acclimate incoming students to their new University environment. Students will learn about the Biology program, its faculty and staff members, University resources, and other information useful for success. 
 
 
Co-Req: 81.111 Principles Of Biology I.
 
 
 
A study of the general properties of bacteria and viruses (anatomy, physiology, genetics,metabolism, cultivation, and growth); discussions include major microbial infections in man (etiologic agent, antibiotics and chemotherapy) and an examination of the role of the microbes in the environment.
 
Pre-Reqs: 81.111 Principles of Biology I, 81.112 Principles of Biology II.
 
A series of laboratory exercises covering basic qualitative and quantitative techniques commonly employed in a microbiology laboratory. 
 
Co-Req: 81.201 General Microbiology.
 
Develops a basic understanding of the science of biology for engineering students, including and introduction to biochemistry, cell biology, metabolism, genetics, genomics, molecular biology, cell growth, and nutrition. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic biology will be covered.
 
Co-req: 81.212 Biology for Engineers Lagoratory.
 
This laboratory course will build on 81.210. It will provide an introduction to several basic biological techniques and approaches used in biological engineering laboratories. 
 
Co-req: 81.210 Biology for Engineers.
 
Introduces the marine environment with major consideration given to the biological and ecological aspects. Emphasis is on the flora and fauna of New England. Corequisite: 81.217
 
Co-Req: 81.217 Marine Biology Lab.
 
A series of laboratory exercises and field trips designed to emphasize the material covered in 81.215. Corequisite 81.215 
 
Co-Req: 81.215 Marine Biology.
 
This course will cove basic topics in cell and molecular biology, including structures of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, structure of DNA and it replication and repair, transcription, and cell-cell communication. The molecular biology of cells and the regulation of cellular processes will be emphasized.
 
Pre-req: 81.111 Principles of Biology I.
 
This is a project-based course designed to introduce students to the methods of general biological laboratory research. Techniques will be introduced in the context of interrelated experiments during a semester-long project. Techniques will include, but are not limited to: making solutions, pipetting, using sterile technique, gel electrophoresis, DNA transformations, minipreps, and other molecular and microscopic methods. 
 
Pre-req: 81.117 Experimental Biology I and 81.118 Experimental Biology II.
 
81.235 GeneticsCredits: 3
The theories of both classical and molecular genetics are explored with emphasis on the experimental evidence which has laid the foundation for contemporary understanding of genetics, included is the nature of the genetic material, gene action, genetic recombination, gene regulation, gene interaction, the production and inheritance of genetic phenotypes, chromosomal mechanics, and the behavior of genes in populations.
 
Pre-req: 81.111 Principles of Biology I.
 
Techniques of genetic analysis using molecular, prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. There is an emphasis on problem solving and statistical methods. 
 
Co-Req: 81.235 Genetics
 
Over 5 million species thrive in amazingly diverse habitats on Earth ranging from the extreme freezing cold of the poles to the lush warmth of the tropics. How did this fantastic diversity arise on our earth? How are these species intimately interconnected with one another, their communities and their ecosystem? How can we save this remarkable biodiversity from extinction? This course will address these key questions by examining the fundamental concepts of evolution, ecology and conservation biology. Students will be expected to attend a discussion section in which they will examine case studies and primary scientific literature.
 
Pre-req: 81.111 Principles of Biology I and 81.112 Principles of Biology II and Co-req: 81.242 Problems in Evolution, Ecology and Conservation.
 
A discussion session designed to reinforce material presented in 81.240, Evolution, Ecology and Conservation. An emphasis will be placed on problem solving. 
 
Co-req: 81.240 Evolution, Ecology and Conservation.
 
81.252 PhysiologyCredits: 3
Presents a comprehensive study of the fundamental mechanisms governing mammalian physiology. The role of cell physiology in determining systemic functions and coordinating biological control systems will be emphasized. Maintenance of homeostasis will be discussed in terms of biochemical, cytological, anatomical, and physical principles.
 
 
 
Pre-Req or Co-Req: 81.252 Physiology.
 
 
81.301 MicrobiologyCredits: 3
General properties of bacteria and viruses including anatomy, physiology, genetics, metabolism, cultivation, growth, control and their role in the ecosystems, and industry. 
 
Pre-Reqs: 81.111/112 Principles of Biology I & II, 84.121 Chemistry I; and Co-Req: 81.303 Microbiology Laboratory
 
A series of laboratory exercises covering basic qualitative and quantitative techniques commonly employed in a microbiology laboratory including sterile technique, microscopy, enrichment and isolation, and prevention.
 
Co-Req: 81.301 Microbiology
 
A survey of the phyla of invertebrate animals. Discussions include their physiology, development, morphology, behavior, ecology and adaptations. Corequisite: 81.308 
 
Co-Req: 81.308 Invertebrate Zoology Lab.
 
A broad spectrum of living and preserved specimens are studied in the laboratory with regard to both structure and function. Corequisite 81.306
 
Co-Req: 81.306 Invertebrate Zoology.
 
A series of lectures concerned with the interrelationships of organisms with their abiotic environment with emphasis on the New England area. Selected current topics will supplement the text. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.112 Principles of Biology II.
 
A series of laboratory exercises to supplement and illustrate lectures of 81.315. Field trips are an integral part of the course involving sampling and analysis of such ecosystem components as water, soil, invertebrate fauna and characteristic flora of various habitats. Directed readings, quizzes, practical exam and oral presentation of a research topic are integral parts of the course.
 
Co-Req: 81.315 Principles of Ecology.
 
81.320 BotanyCredits: 3
Serves as an introduction to the study of the plant kingdom dealing with the structure, function, and diversity of plants with an emphasis on seed plants. The physiology, morphology, and taxonomy of plants is emphasized. 
 
Emphasizes material covered in 81.320 using field and laboratory exercises.
 
Co-Req: 81.320 Botany.
 
The theories of both classical and molecular genetics are explored with emphasis on the experimental evidence which has laid the foundation for contemporary understanding of genetics. Included is the nature of the genetic material, gene action, genetic recombination, gene regulation, gene interaction, the production and inheritance of genetic phenotypes, chromosomal mechanics, and the behavior of genes in populations. 
 
Pre-Reqs: 84.221 Organic Chemistry 1A and 84.229 Organic Chem Lab 1A; Co-Req: 81.337 Exper Genetics.
 
Techniques of genetic analysis using molecular, prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. There is an emphasis on problem solving and statistical methods.
 
Co-Req: 81.335 Principles of Genetics.
 
Through observation, preparation of material and presentation of demonstrations in selected courses offered by the Department of Biological Sciences, the student becomes familiar with the materials and teaching/learning situations in biology. 
 
Through observation, preparation of material and presentation of demonstrations in selected courses offered by the Department of Biological Sciences, the student becomes familiar with the materials and teaching/learning situations in biology.
 
Examination of microbial communities in natural and artificial environments and interactions between microorganisms and their abiotic environments. Consideration is given to the role of microorganisms in the flux of energy and matter through ecosystems at molecular, ecosystem, and global scales; microbial consortia and symbioses; and modern techniques in environmental microbiology. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.201 General Microbiology.
 
Lectures cover the biological and computational basis of approaches to sequence alignment, gene detection, protein structure prediction, phylogenetic inference, analysis of microarray gene expression data, gene mapping and comparative genomics. permission of instructor.
 
Pre-Req: 81.335 Principles of Genetics; Co-Req: 81.407 Bioinformatics Lab.
 
Computer-based exercises and independent projects designed to showcase the capabilities and limitations of available computational tools used in genome research. 
 
Co-Req: 81.405 Bioinformatics.
 
81.409 PhotobiologyCredits: 3
Biological process involving light in plants and animals. Topics include mechanisms of light absorption, energy transduction, light reactions in photosynthesis, functions of color in flowering plants, visual systems and structural and pigment coloration in animals, pigmentation in animals affecting camouflage and reproductive strategies. In addition, the genetics involved in responses to light such as photoperiods, cicardian rhythms, and seasonal cycles will be covered.
 
Pre-Req: 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
An individual, directed one-year research program for senior biology majors selected on the basis of previous academic performance at the end of the junior year. A topic will be chosen after consultation with a faculty member. A report of the research in the form of a thesis is required. 
 
An individual, directed one-year research program for senior biology majors selected on the basis of previous academic performance at the end of the junior year. A topic will be chosen after consultation with a faculty member. A report of the research in the form of a thesis is required.
 
An in depth exploration of the deutorostome phyla with a focus on anatomy, ecology and evolution of the lophophorates, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata and Chordata. Includes readings from the primary literature. 
 
Co-Req: 81.415 Invertebrate Zoology Lab II; Pre-Req: 81.306 Invertebrate Zoology.
 
The laboratory study of live and preserved specimens of invertebrate animals with a focus on anatomy and functional morphology.
 
Co-Req; 81.413 Invertebrate Zoology II, Pre-Req: 81.308 Invertebrate Zoology Lab.
 
Climate change offers one of the greatest challenges yet faced by society and scientists. The scientific consensus is clear that climate change is occurring, its pace is accelerating, its impacts on human society will be largely negative, and it is largely caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, despite strong scientific evidence for the enormous challenges that society may face, scientists' attempts to disseminate that evidence beyond their peers have not yet been successful. Indeed in today's media world of blogs, YouTube video clips, and sound-bites, confusion over the scientific reality of climate change frequently dominates the discourse in classrooms and communities. This course will provide students with the tools and knowledge that they need to develop their own well-informed view of climate change. Because climate change is both impacted by humans and will increasingly impact society, this course takes a cross-disciplinary approach, integrating science, policy solutions, and media literacy as they relate to climate change. 
 
81.419 BiochemistryCredits: 3
Studies the structure and properties of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids which combined with a discussion of elementary enzymology allows for detailed descriptions of several important degradative and biosynthetic pathways, their integration and regulation. Throughout the course, emphasis is on methods and practical application of fundamental information to the solution of problems of current biomedical interest.
 
Pre-Req: 84.221 Organic Chemistry IA.
 
A series of discussions and "hands on" laboratory exercises emphasizing techniques and use of equipment most commonly employed in biochemicaI-biomedicaI research laboratories. Techniques to be mastered include: cell culture, cell fractionation, enzyme purification, ultracentrifugation, UV-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, various types of chromatography (thin layer, gas, gel exclusion, ion exchange), electrophoresis, liquid scintillation spectrometry, and the safe handling and application of radioisotopes to problems in biochemistry. Wherever possible, the principles presented in 81.419 will be used as a basis for experimentation using the above techniques. 
 
An examination of the role of life processes in controlling the cycling of elements on the surface of the Earth and atmosphere from the molecular to the global level. Students will learn how the different physical components of Earth interact, how these interactions are influenced by life, and how they affect Earth's habitability now and in the future.
 
Pre-Req: 81.112 Principles of Biology II.
 
Examines the patterns and processes of biological evolution that have led to the diversity of life. Topics covered include the history of evolutionary thought, the evidence for evolution, the generation and maintenance of population-level variation, natural selection, adaptation, sexual selection, speciation, phylogenetics, molecular evolution, the fossil record and extinctions. In addition to lecture and textbook material, students will read and discuss classic and contemporary primary literature from evolutionary biology. 
 
Pre-Reqs: 81.111 Principles of Biology I, 81.112 Principles of Biology II.
 
Proteins are major targets of pharmaceuticals, and are themselves increasingly used as therapeuticals. However both basic research and the pharmaceutical industry depends on availability of purified proteins that are often difficult to isolate from native sources. In this lecture course, students will learn basic and advanced theoretical background in expression and purification of recombinant proteins. It will cover a variety of expression systems including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The course will also address traditional and new methods in recombinant protein purification. Furthermore, students will be introduced to some downstream applications such as crystallization screens and biochemical/biophysical studies.
 
Pre-req: 81.111 Principles of Biology I.
 
81.432 GenomicsCredits: 3
This course surveys the field of genomics, examining current technologies and their biological applications. Lectures cover genome organization, genome sequencing and annotation, functional genomics, evolutionary genomics, transcriptomics. proteomics and the role of bioinformatics in organizing and interpreting genomic data. 
 
Pre-req: 81.235 Genetics and Co-req: 81.434 Genomics Laboratory.
 
A series of molecular laboratory and computer-based bioinformatics exercises providing practical experience in the collection and analysis of genomic-level data.
 
Pre-req: 81.235 Genetics and Co-req: 81.432 Genomics.
 
A detailed examination of phylum Arthropoda from developmental, ecological, genetic, morphological and paleontological perspectives. Specific topics include the relationships of arthropods to protoarthropod-like groups including tardigrades and onychophorans, the evolution of segmentation, and current perspectives on relationships within the phylum. 
 
Pre-req: 81.306 Invertebrate Zoology; 81.308 Invertebrate Zoology Lab; 81.426 Evolutionary Biology and Co- req: 81.539 Biology and Evolution of Arthropoda Lab.
 
An exploration of protoarthropod and arthropod diversity using live and preserved specimens of the major taxa including Tardigrada, Onychophora, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Hexapoda. Students will learn to collect, dissect, identify, handle and care for live specimens.
 
Pre-req: 81.306 Invertebrate Zoology; 81.308 Invertebrate Zoology Lab, 81.426 Evolutionary Biology and Co-req: 81.537 Biology and Evolution of Arthropoda.
 
Examination of a range of topics in plant biology with an emphasis on processes that are unique to plants. The course will focus first on the role of plants in human affairs, and basic plant anatomy, physiology and genetics followed by three or more topics at an advanced level. Typical focus areas may include biosynthesis and regulation of fatty acids, metabolism of aromatic amino acids, studies of pathways leading to the synthesis of useful natural plant products and the genetic manipulation of plants to promote plant improvement. 
 
Pre-Reqs: 81.335 Principles of Genetics, 81.419 Biochemistry I.
 
81.442 Cell BiologyCredits: 3
Deals with the study of the cell and its cytoplasm incorporating the structure of cell membranes and the organelles they define; specialized organelles dealing with energy capture and transduction, some aspects of histochemical and biochemical studies on cytoplasmic organelles at the electron microscopic level. An introduction into cytogenetics and nuclear cytology; a brief discussion of prokaryotic cells.
 
Pre-Req: 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
This course instructs students in developing effective writing and speaking skills required for preparation of scientific manuscripts and presentations, and communicating in the scientific world. Students will be required to prepare and present oral presentations and to submit written reports. 
 
Seminar discussion of selected topics of current research interest. An oral seminar presentation as well as a written report are required of all biology seniors.
 
Comparative functional morphology, life histories, and phylogeny of a particular taxon (Crustacea, Molusca) of invertebrates. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.306 Inverterate Zoology.
 
Classification, identification, anatomy and physiology of selected invertebrates.
 
Co-Req: 81.557 Advanced Invertebrate Zoology
 
The molecular and genetic characteristics of stem cells and their developmental potential will be explored. Lectures and readings will cover the development of embryonic, fetal and adult stem cells, and will examine their use in treating human disorders receiving widesread attention, including neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, spinal cord injury and leukemia. The ethical, legal and social implications of stem cell research will also be discussed. Additional library investigation and a term paper or seminar will be required. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.335 Principles of Genetics or 81.235 Genetics.
 
A study of the principles and specialized techniques of cloning, purifying, and manipulating recombinant DNA molecules.
 
Pre-req: 81.235 Genetics or 81.335 Principles of Genetics and 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
Laboratory experiments and independent projects designed to illustrate current techniques and instrumentation used in genetic engineering. Included are restriction mapping, cloning, plasmid purification, blot hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing. Students are introduced to computer software utilized for DNA sequence analysis and manipulation. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.421 Biochemistry Techniques; Co-Req: 81.467 Molecular Biology.
 
81.472 VirologyCredits: 3
A study of bacterial, animal, and plant viruses, including viral structure, modes of replication, biochemistry of the infected cell, genetic properties, and viral oncogenesis. Emphasis is on viruscell interaction at the molecular level.
 
Pre-req: 81.235 Genetics or 81.335 Principles of Genetics and 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
81.476 Cell CultureCredits: 4
A erie of lecture and laboratory exercises that will focu on the in vitro culture and analyis of multiple cell type commonly used in biomedical research laboratories. The lecture component will review methodologies used to establish immortalized cell lines, medium component for specific cell types, and techniques for genetically manipulating and analyzing cell lines. The laboratory exercises will emphasize the mastery of sterile techniques used to grow both established cell line and primary cultures, and molecular tools used for introducing recombinant genes and for analyzing cell growth and differentiation. 
 
Pre-req: 81.421 or 521 Biochemistry Techniques.
 
A study of the genes and proteins implicated in the cause of human cancer and discussion of the complex behaviors of cancer cells that differ from their normal counterparts in human tissue. Lectures and original research papers will be used.
 
Pre-Req: 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
Structural basis of the molecular biology of cells and the regulation of cellular processes will be discussed. This course will cover the fundamental knowledge about protein, nucleic acid and membrane structure in relation to central systems in biology. Topics to be discussed include structural enzymology, macromolecular assemblies for replication transcription, translation, membrane proteins, signal transduction, cell motility and transport, cell-cell interactions, the immune system, and virus structure. 
 
Pre-Req: 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
A study of cellular and systems neurobiology with a focus on how these relate to human health and disease. Particular attention will be given to illustrating functional neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the human CNS using investigations into the pathogenic mechanisms of a variety of human neurodegenerative diseases including epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, ALS among others. Note: Graduate level enrollees will be responsible for additional reading and writing.
 
Pre-req or Co-req: 81.419 Biochemistry.
 
Individual, directed one semester research project taken in the fall and/or spring. Presentation of an acceptable project plan at the time of registration is required. A project report is required. 
 
Individual, directed one semester research project taken in the fall and/or spring. Presentation of an acceptable project plan at the time of registration is required. A project report is required.
 
81.493 ImmunologyCredits: 3
A study of the nature of the immune response with sections on antibody structure, function and production; antigen-antibody reactions; immunogenetics; and immune regulation, protection and injury. 
 
Pre or Co-req: 81.419 Biochemistry, or 81.519 Biochemistry I.
 
A series of basic laboratory exercises dealing with the preparation, isolation and characterization of antigens, antibodies and effector cells.
 
Co-Req: 81.493 Immunology.
 
On-campus and/or off-campus experiences are developed by the student in consultation with a member of the student's major department. Specific requirements will vary depending upon department policies and the nature of the program undertaken by the student. The intent of the practicum experience is to provide an occasion for investigation of a scientific area and for applying techniques of problem solving and/or skills which are appropriate to the student's major discipline. The practicum experience may not be substituted for a required course in the major. 
 
 
The Professional Development Seminar is designed to provide students with the necessary structure, resources, and support to successfully secure and engage in their first cooperative education experience. Through a variety of teaching methodologies and assignments, students will participate in a sequence of learning activities including self-assessment, industry research, and the development of co-op learning objectives. Students will prepare to engage in the job search process through resume writing, strategic interviewing, professional networking and through learning professional behavior and presentation skills. The goal of the course is to assist each student in developing a sound plan of action to successfully participate in the cooperative education experience. 
 
The primary goal of this seminar is to assist students in the overall assessment of their overall cooperative education experience. Through facilitated small group discussion, individual consultation and hands on practice, students will have an opportunity to identify and articulate their technical and professional skills, and explore how these skills and their co-op employment might be translated and leveraged into future work environments and their academic program at UML.
 
Pre-Req: 82.210 Professional Development Seminar; student should have completed 1 co-op work experience.
 
This seminar is designed to support and assist students in the continued assessment of their cooperative education experience. Through a deepening of their work in Co-op Assessment 1, students will review their overall performance in the cooperative education program, while continuing to demonstrate their technical and professional skills through written work and public presentations to multiple audiences. It is expected that students will clearly define their future academic and career goals, enhance their professional networks, and develop a future plan to support their engineering aspirations. 
 
Pre-req: 82.210 Professional Development Seminar and 82.310 Co-op Assessment l, and 82.3CE or 82.4CE Cooperative Education.
 
Presents environmental and organismal structural interrelationships and relates these to the chemical evolutionary basis of life. Not suitable for credit towards any degree in the Division of Sciences.
 
Presents environmental and organismal structural interrelationships and relates these to the chemical evolutionary basis of life. Suitable as a Natural Science Elective for a degree in the Division of Sciences. 
 
Emphasis is on systems structure and function. The cellular organization of plants and animals leads into physiological processes of higher organisms with great emphasis on humans. Among topics considered are nutrition and digestion, cellular metabolism, circulation, respiration, excretion, nervous and skeletal-muscular systems. Also considered are the chemical interactions of these systems with immunity, hormonal and reproductive processes. Suitable as a Natural Science Elective for a degree in the Division of Sciences.
 
Concerned with experimentation and interpretation of some of the concepts of Life Science I. Suitable as a Natural Science Elective for a degree in the Division of Sciences. 
 
Involved with experimentation and interpretation of some of the concepts of Life Science II. Suitable as a Natural Science Elective for a degree in the Division of Sciences.
 
Introduction to Biology Laboratory is a co-requisite course forthe Introduction to Biology online lecture course - 83.100. The two courses together fulfill a GenEd Science requirement. The lab course can be taken concurrently with the lecture course or subsequent to it. Weekly labs correspond directly with the chapter assignments provided by the 83.100 instructors. 
 
Pre-Req or Co-Req: 83.100 Intro to Biology; not for Biology majors.
 
Examines historical aspects of microbial interactions with human society, including the use of microbes in food production, agriculture, biotechnology, industry and environmental preservation; explores bioterrorism, the problem of antibiotic resistance and surveys some historical and contemporary microbial diseases.
 
Serves as an interdisciplinary survey course for students not majoring in biology, which deals with human nutrition as it relates to various chronic disease states. Methods of detection and treatment of the disorders are considered as well as general concepts of health promotion/disease prevention based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Specific topics covered include the role of nutrition in: heart disease, diabetes, cancer, obesity, alcoholism, and eating disorders. Not suitable for credits toward any degree in the Division of Sciences. 
 
This course is designed primarily to fulfill the science elective requirement for the non-science major. Its purpose is to provide the undergraduate student who is not majoring in the biological sciences with an introduction to the study of plants and their importance in our everyday world. The importance of plants in agriculture, medicine and industry will be emphasized. Not suitable for credit towards any degree in the Division of Sciences.
 
Not suitable for credit towards any degree in the Division of Sciences. 
 
Pre-Req or Co-Req: 83.125 Plants & Human Society.
 
83.214 Human EcologyCredits: 3
Designed to reveal and discuss the increasing problems of overpopulation in regard to environmental deterioration, living space, limits of natural resources and the adverse effects of human alteration on destruction of the natural ecosystem. The implications of current literature and news items will be emphasized. Not suitable for credit towards any degree in the Division of Sciences.
 

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