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Federal policy requires that PIs search for and consider alternatives to replace, reduce, or refine the number of animals used in research. 

This article written by Dr. W. LaMorte, "Sample Size Calculations in Research" (pdf), and the accompanying LaMorte Calculator (excel spreadsheet) are intended to help PIs estimate the appropriate number of animals needed for research to reduce waste from either estimating too few or too many animals for any particular project.