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History Course Listing

All courses, arranged by program, are listed in the catalog. If you cannot locate a specific course, try the Advanced Search. Current class schedules, with posted days and times, can be found on the NOW/Student Dashboard or by logging in to SiS.


Classical Civilization (Formerly 43.101)

Description

This course provides an introduction to the Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome. The class first examines the formation of urban centers and the evolution of civilization as the late Bronze Age world transforms into the Iron Age with the creation of the vast empires such as Assyria and Achaemenid Persia. The course then focuses on the development of Greek city-states and the ideological differences between Athens and Sparta with a brief exploration of Classical Greed culture. Finally the class looks at the conquests of Alexander and his successors in the East, and the development of Rome as it shaped and was shaped by the cultures it conquered. The course requires short analytical papers, exams, and historical analysis of primary sources.

Western Civilization I (Formerly 43.105)

Description

This course surveys some important issues and tendencies in the history of Western Civilization from its origins through the early modern period, including ancient Mesopotamia, classical Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. These include "civilization" and the rise of cities, different imaginings of god(s) and humanity, evolving forms of political organization, continuity and change in social organization and everyday life, and the ongoing dialogue of faith and reason. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Diversity and Cultural Awareness (DCA).

The Modern World (Formerly 43.106)

Description

In a period of intensifying globalization a basic understanding of our world is increasingly important. The main purpose of this course is to expose students to the global processes that have shaped our modern world since roughly the year 1500. Taking on a global and comparative perspective, this course will help students to develop a topical, chronological, and geographical understanding of global history and cultures.

World History to 1500 (Formerly 43.107)

Description

This class examines societies and cultures from ancient until early modern times with the underlying assumption that world history is an important conceptual tool for understanding our interdependent world. Course topics analyze the nature of the earliest human communities, the development of the first civilizations and the subsequent emergence of cultures in selected areas of Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. This course also offers a consideration of issues related to the connections and relationships that shaped civilizations as a result of migration, war, commerce, and the various cultural expressions of self, society, and the cosmos before 1500. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Diversity and Cultural Awareness (DCA).

World History Since 1500 (Formerly 43.108)

Description

This course will introduce you to the study of world history, its relevance for living in the present, and the challenge to think critically about the emergence and subsequent development of the modern world since 1500. Participants in this course will examine experiences that transcend societal and cultural regions, focus on processes of cross-cultural interaction, and investigate patterns that influenced historical development and continue to impact societies on a global scale. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Diversity and Cultural Awareness (DCA).

United States History to1877 (Formerly 43.111)

Description

This course surveys United States history from the early settlement of North America through the Civil War and Reconstruction. It considers the role of the political and economic leadership in the building of the nation as well as actions of ordinary people whose energies and aspirations constitute the fabric of United States society. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Diversity and Cultural Awareness (DCA)

United States History since 1877

Description

This course surveys the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction to the present. It covers significant developments in the politics, economy, culture, and other aspects of American life during that period. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Diversity and Cultural Awareness (DCA)

Early Christianity (Formerly 43.200)

Description

This course serves as an introduction to the first 800 years of Christian history. It will begin with an introduction to the Apostolic Church of the first century (and its Jewish/Greco-Roman background) and conclude with an introduction to the Eastern Orthodox Church of Late Antiquity. The course will also cover popular topics like "Gnosticism," "Women in Early Christianity," and "Early Christian Worship and Art."

Religions in Medieval Europe

Description

This course serves as an introduction to religion in medieval Europe (ca. 500-1500), that is, the Roman and Eastern traditions of Christianity, Christian movements deemed "heretical" by "orthodoxy," Judaism, and Islam. Understanding the medieval history of these religions results in our gaining not only a comprehension of their individual developments but also how the three great monotheistic faiths have become some of the most powerful religious forces ever seen in civilization. These different religions will be treated not only individually but also in dialogue with one another.

China & the Modern World (Formerly 43.204)

Description

This course introduces China's interactions with the world since the 1840s. With theOpium War as the starting point, students are ushered into a traditional China whosepolitical system, cultural values, and an economic structure stood in sharp contrast to those of the outside world. The main focus of the course is to explore the process inwhich China fought for its survival as a sovereign nation and searched for its road tomodernization.

Women in China (Formerly 43.207)

Description

From Confucian texts to current conditions, the course examines the evolution of Chinese women's status throughout the centuries. The course will ask questions such as whether Confucianism dictated oppression against women, what factors influenced the changes of status for women, how Western feminism is connected with Chinese women, what roles women played in transforming China, and how ordinary women lived and are still living in China.

Colonial Latin America (Formerly 43.209)

Description

This class examines the history of Latin America from 1492 until the early nineteenth century. After considering the rise of the Aztec and Inca empires, we will consider how the Spanish and Portuguese were able to acquire and maintain control in the region. Topics include indigenous-European relations, slavery, economic developments, the challenges of maintaining a colonial government, and Latin American independence.

Historical Dimensions of Globalization (Formerly 43.211)

Description

This course explores the impact of globalization on the development of world societies in the late 20th-early 21st century. Using historical analysis of contemporary realities, it develops an appropriate frame of reference to address questions about the nature and cause of globalization.

Modern Latin America (Formerly 43.212)

Description

Modern Latin America, a 200-level course, surveys Latin America from independence in the early nineteenth century to the present using primary sources, a textbook, and scholarly works. It begins with an understanding of the political, social, and economic context from which ideas of independence emerged and consideres the wars for independence. We will spend a significant part of the course studying nation-building: how did the leaders of new nations define their nations and the values that would guide them? Who was included and who was excluded in the process of nation-building? The next part of the course examines the demands of groups originally excluded: the indigenous population, women, and the poor. The portion of the course covering the twentieth century emphasizes Latin America's international connections, focusing on influence from the United States and the effectds of world wars on the region. Mass politics also emerge, and are expressed in the Mexican Revolution and in Peronism. We also wiill consider the Cuban Revolution and its wider effects in the region. We will conclude our survey of the region by considering how historical trends continue to affect politics today. For example, the Bolivian political scene continues to be affected by the events and outcome of the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) and by a strong indigenist movement.

Afro-Latin America

Description

This class surveys the history of Africans and people of African descent in Latin America from the sixteenth century to the present. The vast majority of enslaved people from Africa who crossed the Atlantic arrived in Latin America, not in the US. In some areas, like the Caribbean and Brazil, the majority of the population for many years was (or is) of African descent. How has this affected social, cultural, and political life in the region? We will consider a range of topics, including how elements of African culture have been incorporated into broader Latin American traditions, slavery and abolition, the struggle for citizenship and inclusion, and the formation of a distinct Afro-Latin American identity.

History of the Ancient Near East (Formerly 43.213)

Description

This broad survey investigates the development of the so-called "Cradles of civilization, " Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, the Levant and Persia. At times the class will dip deeply into these cultures, using primary texts as well as archaeological and artistic evidence to better understand the political, religious, economic, military, social and artistic evolution of these closely associated cultures. We will focus on themes such as the development of kingship as a secular and sacred ruler, the ideology of Empire, the environment, and the fragility of the inter-connected network of resources that developed. The ultimate goal is to understand the inter-cultural milieu of the Ancient Near East and demonstrate how much Western civilization owes to these historical developments.

Early America Through Material Culture

Description

This class examines American history from the period before European contact to the early stages of the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century through the lens of material objects. Comparisons will be drawn between the objects and cultures used by European, Native American, and African American peoples, as well as over time.

England to 1660 (Formerly 43.223)

Description

A survey of English History to 1660 with emphasis on the Institutional, Economic and cultural developments. In addition to providing general knowledge of the topic, the course is designed to enhance the learning experience of both History and English majors.

Modern Britain (Formerly 43.224)

Description

A survey of the political, social and cultural history of modern Britain from the early 19th century to the present, focusing on the evolution of Britain from the period of Empire to its current membership of the European Union. Key themes include the transition from Empire to post-imperial Britain; economic development and distress; parliamentary and popular politics; social unrest and repression; nationalism, sub-nationalism and post-nationalism; and migration and citizenship.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: (ENGL 1020 College Writing II or HONR.1100) and HIST 1050 Western Civilization.

Ancient Greek History (Formerly 43.225)

Description

A study of Greek history, institutions and culture from Minoan times through the Hellenistic period.

Hellenistic History

Description

This course investigates the Hellenistic Period, defined as the era from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE to the death of Cleopatra and the conquest of Rome in 31 BCE. In these centuries, the Mediterranean world was exposed to brand new cultures and ideas, leading to an unmatched period of innovation and creativity, as well as to new conflicts and struggles. This course will emphasize themes of cultural, social, and religious hybridity, which were brought about through close contact with the Near East, North Africa, and Central Asia, and closely engaged with all the complexities of the three hundred years that passed between the height of the classical Greek world and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Roman History and Civilization (Formerly 43.226)

Description

This course examines one thousand years of Roman history (ca. 500 BC-500AD) with equal emphasis upon social, political, military, and cultural aspects of the Republic and Empire.

Europe in the Middle Ages (Formerly 43.227)

Description

A survey of the Latin West during the formative period from the Roman Empire to the creation and development of the first European civilization.

Women in European History (Formerly 43.228)

Description

This course examines the history of women in late medieval, early modern, and modern Western Europe (ca. 1300-1900). From medieval saints and Renaissance queens to Enlightenment Salonieres and ordinary wives and mothers, women have played an astonishing variety of roles. We will utilize primary and secondary sources, historical films, and works of art to understand the contributions and challenges of women in the past.

Renaissance and Reformation (Formerly 43.231)

Description

The history of Europe in the time of transition between the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Two principle topics are the intensification of cultural change which began in Italy around 1300 and spread slowly northward and the disruption of the unity of the Western Christian Church.

Civil War and Reconstruction (Formerly 43.235)

Description

This course explores ways in which the U.S. changed in the years between 1848 and 1877. Topics covered may include the antislavery movement, black activism, secession, the war and reasons for U.S. victory, and the changes in American society and politics during Reconstruction.

Europe in the Twentieth Century (Formerly 43.237)

Description

This course will survey the continent's history over its "age of extremes" in the twentieth century, moving broadly from the apogee of European global power at the turn of the century to its decline in the trauma of two world wars and decolonization, through the Cold War and post-1945 recovery and the challenges and possibilities that have arisen for Europe in the aftermath of 1989 and the fall of the Berlin Wall.

The Nonwestern World Since 1945 (Formerly 43.239)

Description

The recent history of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America and the comparative global processes and trends that have influenced the world since 1945.

World War I (Formerly 43.240)

Description

The course will cover the wide range of causes of this major conflict, the difficulties and changing dynamics of waging this massive war and the effects of all this on both the internal political and social conditions and external consequences for the combatants with the peace settlement.

Colonial Survival: Case Studies in Early American Legal and Political History (Formerly 43.241)

Description

This class contrasts the dominant monoculture colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Virginia with the lesser known multicultural colonies of Maine, Plymouth, New Amsterdam, Maryland and Rhode Island. While some of the multicultural colonies foundered, others flourished by utilizing a wide range of political and legal methods which allowed for their survival alongside much larger rival colonies. The class finishes by examining similar political and legal methods employed by Native American tribes for their own survival, in particular the Cherokee, whose carefully negotiated accommodations to Anglo-American culture allowed them to live side by side with the growing United States until the 1830's. Close analysis of both primary and secondary source material will provide students with an intensive look at rarely examined issues in early American history.

Prerequisites

Pre-req: HIST.1110 United States History to 1877.

World War II (Formerly 43.242)

Description

The Second World War transformed states and people from East Asia to the United States to Europe. We examine diplomatic and military aspects of the war and how it affected the lives of people in the countries involved. Topics include the prelude to the war, military campaigns in Europe and the Pacific, collaboration and resistance, the home front, the Holocaust, science and the atom bomb, and the consequences of the war.

United States Military History

Description

This course is a survey of military history and the interaction between society and military institutions, technology and techniques, from the pre-colonial era to the present. The causes and consequences of war, the role of technology in war, and strategies and tactics of war will be emphasized.

The Vietnam War (Formerly 43.249)

Description

Covers the U.S. was in Vietnam from its origins in the French colonial era to its impact on contemporary culture and foreign policy.

Russia to 1796 (Formerly 43.258)

Description

The growth of the Russian state: Varangian origins, the Kievan state, conversion to Christianity, Mongol domination, the rise of Muscovy, Europeanization and expansion under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

Women in American History (Formerly 43.270)

Description

This course surveys the history of women in the British North American colonies and United States with a special focus on social and economic change. It examines women as a distinct group but also attends to divisions among them, particularly those based on class, ethnicity/race, and regional diversity. Course themes include concepts of womanhood, the development and transgression of gender roles, unpaid work and wage labor, social reform and women's rights activism, as well as changing ideas and practices with respect to the female body.

Native American History (Formerly 43.274)

Description

A comprehensive study of the Native Americans through historical and first-hand accounts of their lives. Designed to enlighten students and to represent fairly the Native Americans, dispelling some of the existing myths about them.

History of the U.S. South

Description

The history of the southern United States from the colonial period to the present. Topics include the development of plantation slavery, the Civil War and Reconstruction, industrialization and the "New South," segregation and disenfranchisement, the Civil Rights Movement, and conservatism.

African-American History (Formerly 43.275)

Description

This course surveys African American history in the United States from colonization to the present. It begins with a study of life in West Africa and traces the forced migration of Africans to the Americas. It explores West African transmissions, the freedom struggle, the great migrations from the South, the Harlem Renaissance, the modern Civil Rights movement, and the continuing impact of African Americans on life in the 21st century.

History of Lowell (Formerly 43.279)

Description

This course will provide an overview of the growth, decline, and rebirth of the city of Lowell, Massachusetts. Topics will include the Industrial Revolution, role of women and unions in the workplace, immigration and the formation of ethnic neighborhoods, urban renewal, and historic preservation. The survey will also discuss notable personalities such as labor activist Sarah Bagley, Civil War general Benjamin Butler, writer Jack Kerouac, Senator Paul Tsongas and boxer Micky Ward. The foregoing names may differ over time.

Pandemics: A Global History

Description

This course will examine the history of pandemics including but not limited to the plague, syphilis, smallpox, cholera, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, and coronaviruses. We will analyze the development and effects of each pandemic and its implications on societies and cultures around the globe.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL 1020 College Writing II.

Sub--Saharan Africa (Formerly 43.281)

Description

This course provides a basic introduction to the history of the African continent. It will expose students to the processes and patterns that have shaped modern African history. The course examines the historical roots of the many challenges that the continent faces today. But, at the same time, it will also provide students with the knowledge to shatter the myths and stereotypes about Africa.

United States History Through Film (Formerly 43.286)

Description

This course explores selected moments in United States history - such as slavery, the Great Depression, World War ll, the Vietnam War, and the feminist movement - through the lens of film. Using written historical sources as well as film, students will investigate how particular films have depicted the past and shaped the way that Americans remember their history.

Japan Since 1600 (Formerly 43.295)

Description

A study of the traditional Japanese institutions and the transformation of Japan into a modern state after 1868: the Tokugawa Shogunate, Meiji Restoration, Russo-Japanese War, world power status, militarism, World War II, and present day Japan.

United States Diplomatic History (Formerly 43.296)

Description

Although the course takes the entire United States diplomatic history as its field of historical study, its focus is on the American foreign policy in the twentieth century. The course first explores domestic and international factors that made the United States a world power by 1898. It will then consider the goals, the practices, and the results of the twentieth century American foreign policy. The course challenges students to view American diplomacy in a global context.

Introduction to Historical Methods (Formerly 43.298)

Description

An introduction for the undergraduate student to the nature and principles of history. The course takes up methodology, historiography, research methods, electronic resources, bibliography, and the technical and stylistic problems involved in the presentation of research in scholarly form. Required of all history majors in the sophomore year. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Information Literacy (IL) and Social Responsibility & Ethics (SRE).

Prerequisites

History Majors, BLA History concentrators, and American Studies Majors only, or Permission of Instructor.

The World of Things: Consumer Cultures in the Modern West (Formerly 43.301)

Description

This course will examine the emergence and historical impact of consumer cultures in the modern West, from the eighteenth century through the present. Topics to be covered will include the emergence of spaces of consumption (the home, the commercial/spectacular metropolis, the department store, the shopping mall, the tourist site), changing attitudes toward shopping and spending, the construction of modern social identities of class, gender, generation and race through consumption, and political struggles over consumption.

The Byzantine Empire (Formerly 43.302)

Description

Through this course, students will examine the history of Byzantine culture, which grew from the Greek-speaking remains of the Roman Empire. Students will consider how leading men and women shaped Byzantine Civilization and the political and military institutions that preserved it through the fifteenth century. The course will also focus on the development and spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity and significant aspects of Byzantine culture, such as cuisine, gender roles, cities, and art. We will explore in some detail Byzantium's complex and difficult dialog with its neighbors: the Islamic world, the Slavs, and the Latin West. This course especially emphasizes reading and discussion of primary source documents. Students will compose a research paper as their main work for this class.

Introduction to Archives

Description

How should we remember and document the past? This course introduces students to the goals and operation of archives, which play a crucial role in the preservation of historical sources. The course considers archival administration, history, funding, management, record-keeping (both paper and digital), and security. Guest speakers from the world of archives will join us occasionally. Students will complete a variety of different writing assignments as well as brief oral presentations.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

European Economic & Social History (Formerly 43.304)

Description

Europe has been transformed in the last 250 years from an agricultural society to a post-industrial one. We study the processes by which this happened, from the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th century to the wars and depressions of the early 20th century and the collapse of the communist system and European unification in the late 20th century. Students learn basic concepts and methods of history and economics.

Prerequisites

Level: minimum Sophomore standing.

History of Crime and Social Control (Formerly 43.308)

Description

Analyzes the causes and development of attempts to control crime, ethnic conflict, radical protest movements, urban disorders, and attitude and role conflicts.

History of New England (Formerly 43.310)

Description

Explores the evolution of New England society from pre-Columbian to the Post-Industrial, emphasizing the ways succeeding generations of New Englanders have confronted social and economic change. Topics include: white-Indian relations, ecological change, Puritanism, the New England town, the industrial revolution, the rise of cities, immigration, ethnic and class conflict, and the distinctiveness of the region.

War and Native Americans in Colonial New England

Description

war has played a significant role in the history of the indigenous peoples of New England and the Atlantic Northeast. From pre-colonial times through the American Revolution, conflict and warfare has had a dramatic impact on Native American societies in the region. In fact, as we examine in this course, war has been a defining feature in many indigenous communities. This course provides a cultural history of how the almost constant state of warfare shaped the lives of the Native Americans of the colonial Northeast.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

American Social History II (Formerly 43.314)

Description

This course explores various aspects of common peoples' lives in the United States since 1880. Primary areas of investigation include work and leisure, family and community, as well as culture and values.

Food in American History

Description

This course examines change and continuity in American foodways from the pre-Revolutionary era to the present, focusing on the significance of class, race, gender, nationality, religion and region as well as transnational dimensions in that culinary history.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL 1020 College Writing II.

American Environmental History (Formerly 43.316)

Description

This course explores the environmental history of early America and the United States from the end of the last ice age (c. 12,500 years ago) to the present. It examines the role played by nature as an historical agent as well as the relationship between human communities and the physical and organic environment. Course themes include evolving land use, the environmental significance of industrial capitalism, urban public health, resource conservation and wilderness protection, the impact of ecology on public consciousness, as well as environmentalism.

American East Asian Relations (Formerly 43.320)

Description

The course examines relations between the United States on one hand and Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, and the Philippines on the other in the 19th and 20th centuries. Besides political, trade, and cultural relations, there is also emphasis on American laws and practices regarding immigrants from these East Asian countries. The aim of the course is for students to gain a basic knowledge of American relations with East Asia and to develop analytical skills for sophisticated inter-national relations.

The Holocaust (Formerly 43.321)

Description

In a world in which genocide is real, the murder of six-to-eight million Jews between 1939 and 1945 remains a critical topic of inquiry. When were factories of death first conceived? What perverse rationale motivated the collaborators who built and operated the gas chambers and crematoria? This course will answer questions of this kind by examining the most respected scholars who have written on and primary sources that speak directly to the Holocaust

Chinese Foreign Policy (Formerly 43.322)

Description

Chinese foreign policy since 1949 with a strong emphasis on tracing the links between historical, ideological, and cultural influences, on the one hand, and pragmatic and nationalistic considerations on the other. While tracing these links, the course explores the intricate process of policymaking in the People's Republic of China.

Prerequisites

Requisite: Sophomore level or higher.

World of the Atlantic (Formerly 43.323)

Description

The concept of the Atlantic world arose to describe the interactions of the peoples of the Americas, Europe, and Africa through trade, conquest, colonialism, independence and beyond. In this class, we will consider the cultural, economic, and political relationships that are formed and change over time between these groups. We will pay special attention to historical approaches to studying and writing about the Atlantic World.

Medieval England (Formerly 43.327)

Description

From the first century Roman Conquest of the Britons to the 15th century Tudor victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, this course aims to illuminate the social, political, religious, and cultural elements that made medieval England. This course will explore art, gender, class structures, and England's interactions with non-Christians, among many other topics. In addition to the extensive written sources available, special attention will be paid to archaeological discoveries that help us understand daily life in medieval England.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Childhood in Premodern Europe (Formerly 43.329)

Description

This course examines the concept of childhood in medieval and Renaissance Europe (ca. 1100-1600), with particular attention to England and Italy. There are no specific prerequisites, although some knowledge of European history (i.e., Medieval Institutions, Western Civilization, Renaissance-Reformation) will be useful. Among the topics we will consider are the following: the different stages of childhood; children's education and apprenticeship; dress, diet, and demeanor of children; orphans; royal children; Protestant and Catholic views of children; adolescent sexuality; depiction of children in art; child labor; literature for children.

Tudor and Stuart England, 1485-1714 (Formerly 43.330)

Description

Traces the transformation of England from a small island kingdom to the hub of an overseas empire. During this period the English people underwent religious upheaval and civil war, saw the rise and partial decline of the monarchy, built and rebuilt London, and enjoyed the plays of Shakespeare. Although England provides the focus for this course, the rest of the Tudor and Stuart world is included.

Warfare in the Ancient World (Formerly 43.332)

Description

Warfare in the Ancient World is a practical introduction to the study of warfare in the ancient world and traces the advances made in empire building, ideology and military technology. The chronological structure of the class starts with the Egyptians and continues through the Dark Age, Classical and Hellenistic Greeks, to the rise and fall of Rome. This course will trace certain themes through the centuries: how different civilizations waged war; who served in various armies and why soldiers decided to fight. While major battles and important individuals are discussed, military tactics and strategies are only tools to help understand the underlying causes for armed conflict.

American Women and Public Activism, 1800-1920

Description

Over the course of the 1800's, women developed numerous strategies for influencing American society and politics, even though they were unable to vote in most elections. This course will explore how diverse groups of American women formed organizations that acted decisively in the public arena. By analyzing women's social and political activism, we will see how vital civil society is for a functional democracy, and explore how change happens. Possible topics include women's activism in social reform, local and state governments, civil rights, labor organizations, charitable work, religion, and women's rights. Consideration will be paid to the differences among women in terms of race, class, and sexuality.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL 1020 College Writing II.

The French Revolution and Napoleon (Formerly 43.334)

Description

This course will involve students directly in critical consideration of the central events and issues of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods, with an eye to their longer-term historical resonances in France, Europe and beyond. The core problems we will be discussing are ones which have remained vital in modern and even contemporary political history: the nature of liberty, the nation and national identity, equality and inequalities, violence and terror in politics, the cult of the leader, war and empire.

Modern Ireland (Formerly 43.336)

Description

An upper-level course on the history Modern Ireland from the late 18th century to the present, covering the movements for independence in the 19th century, the cultural revival and revolutionary period from the 1890s, the social and economic history of the independent state, and the Celtic Tiger phenomenon of the late 20th century. Key themes include nationalism and identity, colonialism and post-colonialism, religion and repression, emigration and disapora, culture and social life, and changing definitions of "Irishness" over time.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: (ENGL 1020 College Writing II or HONR.1100) and HIST 1050 Western Civilization.

Germany Since 1871 (Formerly 43.337)

Description

This course will survey major developments of Modern German History, from German Unification through European Union. Topics covered will include German social, political and military evolution under the Empire: the impact of modern, "total" war; the upheavals of the Weimar and Nazi periods; German recovery and division during the Cold War; German reunification and its contemporary aftermath.

War and Memory in Twentieth Century France (Formerly 43.338)

Description

This course will address the individual and collective trauma of modern warfare, as that was experienced in France both during and after the country's three main wars in the twentieth century. It focuses on how the experience of modern war was negotiated in culture---in personal and official memory, in gender relations, and in a great variety of written and visual texts. Individual units will be dedicated to World War I, the Occupation and Vichy Regime during World War II, and the Algerian War, and to the long and conflicted afterlife of those conflicts.

Inquisition: Myth and Reality (Formerly 43.342)

Description

Following a brief introduction and an overview of the medieval Inquisition, the first few weeks of the course will be devoted to a study of the Inquisition in Spain and Italy from 1450-1650. We will also discuss the way in which the history of the Inquisition has been analyzed during the past five hundred years (what historians call "historiography"). The second half of the course will focus on student research and selected topics in Inquisition studies.

Fascism and the Radical Right in Twentieth Century Europe (Formerly 43.343)

Description

This course will offer a comparative exploration of the deep and enduring appeal of fascism and far rightist politics in twentieth century Europe. Beginning with the nationalist revival and cultural crisis of the late nineteenth century and the cataclysm of World War I, we will trace the rise of the radical right to political prominence in Europe in the 1920's and 1930's. While retaining a Europe-wide perspective throughout, we will analyze in particular detail the Fascist and National Socialist seizures of power in Italy and Germany, and examine their efforts of political, social, economic and cultural mobilization. Issues covered will include fascist political communication and governance, terror and "normality" in everyday life, labor and youth policy, racism and racial purification, and gender and reproductive politics, among others. In the final section of the course, we will contemplate the historical legacy of fascism after 1945, focusing on the politics of memory and representation in post-war Germany, Italy and Europe more generally, and assessing the recent resurgence of fascist and quasi-fascist political tendencies in the 1980's and 1990's.

Revolutions in the Modern World (Formerly 43.334)

Description

In this comparative history course, we look at the theories of Marx, Barrington Moore, Crane Brinton, Theda Skocpol, William Sewell, and others on the causes, dynamics, and outcomes of revolutions in the modern world. We then consider the history of the French, Russian, Vietnamese, and Iranian Revolutions (list may vary each semester) to see how well the theories fit the events. The course ends with a discussion of whether the pattern and analyses discussed in the course are helpful in understanding a contemporary revolution, such as that in Egypt.

Prerequisites

Pre-req: 43.106 The Modern World.

American Slavery: History, Fiction, and Film

Description

This course examines the history of slavery in the United States. It explores topics such as the role of slavery in the economy, the culture of enslaved Americans, resistance to slavery, and the abolition of slavery, often making comparisons to slavery in other parts of the Western Hemisphere. The course also investigates how the institution of slavery has been represented by different generations of historians and in American popular culture from the 1850's through the present.

Prerequisites

Requisite: Sophomore level or higher.

Slavery and Abolition (Formerly 43.345)

Description

This course takes a comparative approach to the study of plantation slavery in the Americas with special attention to developments in Virginia and Cuba. It surveys the structure of slavery in the nineteenth century United States South; slavery's legacy in the United States; and its twenty-first century reincarnation in human trafficking and forced labor around the world.

Prerequisites

Requisite: Sophomore level or higher.

Race and American Higher Education

Description

For centuries, colleges and universities have played an outsized role in American society. Open to a select few, these institutions have long shaped the trajectory of the United States, reflecting and influencing the principles and policies of the country. A proving ground for elite, white men, for generations these institutions also stood at the vanguard of American colonization and enslavement, restricting the futures of African-Americans and Native American. This course traces the evolution of American institutions of higher learning over more than three centuries - from training grounds for British clergymen to vehicles of upward mobility for American veterans - with a particular focus on race. Throughout the semester, we will examine the changing roles of students, faculty, administrators, and alumni and how they collectively altered the trajectory of American history, for better and worse.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Making an Historical Documentary (Formerly 43.348)

Description

This course provides students with the basic conceptual and technical skills for developing and completing an historical documentary, including instruction about subject choice, narrative structure, camera work, and editing.

Reform and Revolution in Latin America

Description

This course focuses on reform movements and revolutions in modern Latin America as a way of considering how individuals and groups articulate their needs and demand access to resources, representation, and political change. Calls for lad reform, voting rights, environmental protection, indigenous representation, and anti-imperialism are common themes we will consider during the semester.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL 1020 College Writing II.

The Cuban Revolution (Formerly 43.349)

Description

The Cuban Revolution has been surrounded by controversy since it took power in 1959. Through readings, films, and discussions, we will examine not only the events that have occurred in Cuba over the last four decades but also the ways that they have been presened to audiences in Cuba, the United States, and elsewhere. We will carefully consider the role of perspective in academic writing and the media and how it has shaped understandings of the Castro era.

Colonial North America, 1550-1750 (Formerly 43.350)

Description

This class explores societal groups across the North American continent from 1550 to 1750 by comparing the approaches and responses to colonization taken by different European and Native American groups alongside the emergence of African slavery in North America. The semester concludes with the escalating colonial wars in the early eighteenth century, which would lead to both the French and Indian, and Revolutionary, Wars.

Captivity Narratives and Colonial Societies (Formerly 43.351)

Description

The long sequence of military conflicts in New England at the turn of the eighteenth century led to an equally long sequence of accounts describing the experiences of English colonists taken captive by Native American or French military forces. While these narratives remain the best known examples of this particular literary genre in the United States, this class will explore the multitude of ways in which the captivity narrative was used in colonial North America by people of different races and cultures.

Prerequisites

Pre-req: HIST.1110 United States History to 1877.

British Colonization in the Eighteenth Century (Formerly 43.352)

Description

This class provides a thematic examination of the British North American colonies. Topics include colonies founded in the long eighteenth century, material culture, the multi-racial British empire, the Enlightenment, and the rise of individualism's impact on society and religion, and shifting political relationships between Britain and its colonies.

The French and Indian and Revolutionary Wars (Formerly 43.353)

Description

The years between 1754 and 1784 saw drastic change on the North American continent and around the world for Britain and its colonies. Colonists in North America went from being devout British subjects during the French and Indian War to rebelling and founding their own new country during the American Revolution. In turn, the British Empire went from spending millions of pounds on North America in the 1750's to barely committing the resources necessary for fighting the Revolution. This class examines these cultural and political transitions in context with discussions on the varied populations of North America who experienced them.

Prerequisites

Pre-req: HIST.1110 United States History to 1877.

Mapping Early America

Description

This class explores the diverse methods used by Native American, Spanish, French, British, and Dutch peoples to map, claim, and inhabit land and the built environment around them. Whether on paper, skins, or in the mind, this cartographic record documents developing technologies and shifting cultural and political identities alike. Weekly discussions provide students with both an introduction to the vast array of surviving maps from the early American world and the skills needed to analyze them.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL 1020 College Writing II.

Jacksonian America (Formerly 43.355)

Description

An investigation of the social, political, and economic developments in the United States from 1815 to 1848. Special emphasis is placed on the spread of capitalism, the growth of reform movements, the development of cities, and the conflict over slavery.

Civil War and Reconstruction (Formerly 43.356)

Description

This course surveys the increasing political, social, and economic tensions between the North and the South during the first half of the nineteenth century; the explosion of those tensions into secession and conflict; the four years of war; and the postwar struggle to reconstruct the South and forge a new union.

Prerequisites

Requisite: Sophomore level or higher.

American Civil War in Memory (Formerly 43.357)

Description

Students analyze how Americans have remembered the American Civil War in the years after the war ended in 1865. By looking at novels, memoir films, National Park Service Battlefields, and monuments, students discover how remembrances are influenced by views of race, gender, patriotism, regionalism, and economic forces.

The Age of Jim Crow

Description

This course examines U.S. History--particularly the history of the South--during the era of Jim Crow, the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement when African Americans were systematically denied political and social rights. This course examines the visions white southerners held for what their region should be in this period, as well as the responses of African Americans.

Amazing American Lives (Formerly 43.358)

Description

Biography often has been used by historians as source material for representing the nature of the American experience. An examination of outstanding biographies of the lives of various Americans can yield insights into all levels and ranks of American society from colonial days to the late twentieth century.

American Women's Lives, 1600 - present

Description

Some of the very best and most readable examples of American Women's History come in the form of biographies. While historians may sometimes lack sources for writing women's history, we often know spectacular amounts about individual women. Scholars have used this wealth of information to produce rich, complex readings of women's lives. In the process of doing so, historians of American Women also write the history of all of American society, culture, politics, ad economics. This course seeks to broaden our understandings of American History, the genre of biography, and most importantly, the history of American Women. The women chosen for the study will depend on the preferences of the professor, with attempts made to cover a variety of topics, time periods, and types of biographies.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Women in Early America

Description

Spanish, French, British, Dutch, Native American, and African American women had varying experiences on the North American continent between 1500 and 1800. This class uses ten case studies on topics ranging from the colonial borderlands to gender identity in the early modern period to the impact of slavery on family structures to examine their daily lives. In addition, students are introduced to the many scholars who have worked in this field during the past four decades, before considering new directions for the study of women in Early America.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Democracy in the United States 1800-1860 (Formerly 43.359)

Description

The course examines what is often referred to as the Golden Age of American Democracy. How much power did ordinary Americans have in the political system? What motivated people to participate in politics? What roles did women and racial minorities play in American politics despite not being able to vote?

The Twenties and the Thirties (Formerly 43.362)

Description

An examination of the emergence of the corporate and governmental institutions of modern America set in two turbulent decades of cultural and political ferment that involved both booming prosperity and the economic collapse of the Great Depression.

United States History since 1960 (Formerly 43.365)

Description

Discusses Cold War politics and civil rights upheavals during the 1960's and 1970's, the decline of American economic and political power, and the resurgence of conservative politics in the 1980's.

History of Race and Gender in Sports

Description

This course is an in-depth examination of the history of race, ethnicity and gender in the development of collegiate and professional sports in the United States. It will track the maturity over time of athletic activities, specific sports, their rules and the impact each particular sport has had on society, politics, legislation, economic stratification, educational opportunity, and the American cultural experience. Students in this course will explore issues such as racial and sexual stereotyping in sports and related advertising, college athletes and academics, Native American mascots, sports during periods of social unrest including the Civil Rights Movement, and the importance of the passage of Title IX (9).

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Russia 1796 to the Present (Formerly 43.369)

Description

This course covers the history of Russia in its various incarnations-Imperial Russia from the end of Catherine the Great's reign the Soviet Union, and today's Russian Federation. We use both historical works and literature to get a better understanding of the Imperial state, the nature and the social bases of autocracy, the ideologies and actions of the movements that supported the Empire and those that opposed it. We cover the cataclysms of World War I, the Revolutions, Civil War, and the Soviet period (preparing the student for the course on "Stalin's Russia", 43.374). We examine the causes and events involved int he decline and collapse of the Soviet Union, and the rise and emerging patterns of behavior of the Russian Federation.

Medieval Institutions (Formerly 43.371)

Description

This is a reasonably intensive reading seminar focusing on a number of important medieval institutions that have helped to influence our modern world. You will read a number of works in order to discuss them in detail in class. In addition, you will be required to write a review of one of three required books.

Women in the Middle Ages

Description

This course explores medieval Europe through the female lens. We will illuminate the influence of women on war, politics, business, religion and culture. We will study queens, writers, artists, nuns businesswomen, and peasants in order to understand how women shaped the medieval world, how they were shaped by it, and how they contributed to the brilliance of the Renaissance.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Nazi Germany (Formerly 43.373)

Description

This course looks at the period 1933-1945 (the period of the "Third Reich") in Germany from the perspectives of economics, politics, society, and the arts. In the course, we will read preeminent historians who have written on each of these themes in order to gain a firm understanding of the historical debates that surround the period. Specific subjects include the Nazi consolidation of power, the increasingly brutal nature of anti-Semitic policies, the power struggles among chief Nazi officials, the ideologies and personae of figures like Hitler, Rosenberg, and Goebbels, the nature of "Nazi art" and cultural policies, and the path to war.

Stalin's Russia (Formerly 43.374)

Description

Spanning the period from the "October Revolution" of 1917 to Stalin's death in 1953, this course considers "Stalinist Russia" from the perspectives of economics, society, the arts, politics and war. In the course, we will read the preeminent historians who have written on these topics.

20th Century Irish History in Film (Formerly 43.376)

Description

This course is on the representation of Irish history in narrative feature and documentary films made in or about Ireland. Starting with the revolutionary era, it covers the key events, issues, and debates that defined Irish politics, culture and society in the last hundred years. The course is divided into five thematic sections and proceeds chronologically through the 20th century, starting with the War of Independence against the Britain and the Civil War that followed; the American romanticism of Ireland in film;social issues that plagued the Irish Free State and Republic;the period of violence in the North known as The Troubles;and the issued raised by multi-culturalism during the Celtic Tiger era.

United States Industry Twentieth Century (Formerly 43.379)

Description

An exploration of the rapid growth of the American economy in the 20th century, including the evolution of the large corporation and the mass production assembly line. Particular attention is devoted to the ways in which immigrants, women, and the African Americans were affected by the rise of big business. The course also traces the decline of the traditional U.S. manufacturing base following the Second World War and the impact this had on the working class and their unions.

Work and Society (Formerly 43.380)

Description

Provides a survey of labor history from the colonial period to the present focusing on the interrelationship between culture and work in American society and on the dynamics of technical and economic changes on the organization of work processes.

United States in the 1960s

Description

This course examines the United States during the 1960s. General themes include the stifling and freeing of dissent, the "rights revolution", liberal social and economic policy, foreign policy in a bipolar world, redefinition of values and morals, changing relations between women and men, increasing concern with environmental pollution, the growing credibility gap between citizens and their government, and rise of the "New Right".

Radicalism in American History (Formerly 43.384)

Description

A biographical approach to the influence of radicalism on American history with emphasis on significant and representative personalities and heir contributions.

Malcolm X

Description

This course investigates the personal transformation of Malcolm X during his lifetime as well as the impact he has had on both American and transnational culture and politics from the mid-twentieth century to the present.

Working Women in the Roman World

Description

This course addresses the role of female labor in the Roman world, from the Roman Republic to the Late Empire (~509 BCE-400 CE). The course uses the cases of women of different statuses to explore the economic contributions of women. Students will be invited to question the secondary role women have traditionally held in scholarship on the economy of the ancient world and reassess the whole economic picture through the lens of "untypical" workers. We will study both free and enslaved women, and closely examine how economic necessity empowered some women and constrained others. Students will investigate what kinds of labor were deemed legally and socially appropriate for women and be exposed to instances when women pushed up against, or beyond, those boundaries.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Pirates of the Mediterranean

Description

This course uses piracy, defined as armed robbery at sea, to highlight issues of violence, governmental intervention, and economic practices as they relate to marginalized people of the Greco-Roman world. Students will be introduced to the methods of underwater archeology while examining shipwreck evidence, and epigraphic conventions while reading primary source material relating to piratical events. The course follows the long history of the Mediterranean as a contested, yet central space, and tracks how the sea was used, not just as a resource, but as an opportunity for predation and personal advancement. The main questions will be: what is a pirate, and who has the power to apply that label to others.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Ancient Mediterranean: Cultures in Contact (Formerly 43.388)

Description

The ancient Mediterranean was home to a diverse array of cultures in close contact with each other through trade, warfare, and colonization. This course will study a variety of Greco-Roman responses to other cultures through a series of case studies of contact between Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of the ancient world. In particular, we will examine questions of the applicability of modern concepts such as race and ethnicity, and explore the ways in which these shifting representations of other cultures are reflective of the ways in which Greeks and Romans perceived themselves. We will also reflect on the ways in which these ancient Greco-Roman conceptions of culture relate to our own modern understandings of cultural difference.

Law in the Ancient Greek World

Description

This course will examine the body of evidence for law in the ancient Greek world as a means of understanding the legal, political, and social history of the Greek poleis. In particular we will focus our attention on the large corpus of forensic speeches form Classical Athens with an eye to understanding the ways in which the Athenian city governed itself and resolved conflict within the poleis. Due to the nature of these speeches and the evidence for Greek legal practices, we will also be examining various aspects of Greek social and economic history within a legal context, including gender, slavery, property law, and citizenship.

Ancient History in Film (Formerly 43.389)

Description

Ancient History in Film seeks understand the interconnection between ancient texts, social history and pop culture in American cinema. This course is more than an excuse to watch fun films and gain academic credit. It will engage the primary texts that are the foundation for these cinematic creations while investigating the social and cultural influences that shaped the making of these movies. Ultimately, this course will provide a clearer view of our own world through the lens of moviemakers mimicking the Greco-Roman world. We will read primary texts in translation, modern analyses of these movies and you are responsible to watch an entire film between class sessions. All films are on reserve in the Media Center of the O'Leary Library.

Topics in History (Formerly 43.390)

Description

An advanced course of study and examination of a variety of issues and topics in history. Students without a sufficient background in history courses should not attempt this course. Subject matter to be announced in advance.

Topics in History of the Portuguese World

Description

An advanced course that will cover various topics in the history of the Portuguese-speaking world, including medieval, early modern, and contemporary history in Portugal, Brazil, and other areas of the Lusophone world. The specific focus of each iteration will be announced in advance. Offered irregularly.

America and the World (Formerly 43.391)

Description

In an age of increasing globalization, historians realize the need for putting the American national narrative in a wider historical context. This course will help students locate the study of the United States in a global, comparative and transnational perspective. This course will be used as one of the courses needed by History majors in the global, comparative and under-represented areas of the major.

Immigration History (Formerly 43.392)

Description

The course focuses on the experiences of women, men, and children who came to the U.S. from the colonial era through the 21st century. Their emigrations will be examined in a global context. Irish migration, the mass European migrations during the mid and late 19th /early 20th centuries, and post-Second World War immigration particularly from Asian and African countries are discussed. The Lawrence, Lowell, and Boston immigration stories are also considered.

History of the Middle East and Islamic World (Formerly 43.393)

Description

This course examines the history of the Middle East and the Islamic World from the time of Muhammad to the present. It provides an introduction to the history of this often turbulent region. It exposes students to the processes and patterns that have shaped the history of the Islamic World. The course examines the historical roots of the many challenges that the region faces today.

Empire and Resistance in the Modern Middle East

Description

This course explores the role of empires in the Middle East from the 18th through the first half of the 20th century. During this period various forms of imperial rule defined the region's governance-from Ottoman rule to the British occupation of Egypt in the late 19th century to British and French mandate states in much of the region post World War I. The course will emphasize comparative approaches to understanding how these empires shaped the region. We will examine how these various forms of empire were engaged by local populations, from elites to peasants, and how their histories impacted the independent nation-states that succeeded them.

Environmental History of Middle East & North Africa

Description

This course examines the history of the Middle East and North Africa from an environmental angle. We will think about how a focus on environmental factors enables alternative perspectives on colonialism, nationalism, capitalism, gender and sexuality, empire, race, and class. What are some of the benefits of these interpretations? Are there also drawbacks? We will also consider what it means to talk about the impacts of climate change in the region when thinking historically.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: ENGL.1020 College Writing II.

Immigration and Assimilation in Contemporary Europe

Description

This course examines contemporary European dilemmas of immigration, assimilation and multiculturalism, within the context of the larger history of European imperial decline after 1945. It will aim at providing fuller historical understanding of Europe's ongoing crises of integration, while also exploring the textures of individual and community life among those of immigrant descent within contemporary Europe. For purposes of focus and continuity, greatest attention will be dedicated to South Asian, Turkish, and North African communities in Britain, Germany and France, respectively.

Alcohol In American History (Formerly 43.396)

Description

This course uses the production, distribution, consumption, and prohibition of alcoholic drinks as a lens for studying cultural, political, and economic change in American life from the colonial era to the present.

History Writing and Community (Formerly 43.401)

Description

Restricted to upper-level students and available only with permission of the instructor, this course offers a select number of students the opportunity to work for non-profit and governmental organizations within Lowell. Such organizations might include the National Park Service; Community Teamwork Inc.; Girls Club of Lowell; St. Athanasius Church; American Textile History Museum, and so forth. The course is primarily intended for History majors. Students will utilize their skills in research, writing, and analysis to assist an organization with its documented needs (e.g., conduct research on history of the organization; write a pamphlet or short article; organize oral history interviews; analyze the urban context in which the organization has developed). Students receive academic credit, along with invaluable work-related experience.

Olympic Games and World's Fairs (Formerly 43.410)

Description

The course studies Olympic Games and World's Fairs from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. We examine how these international festivals participate in and contribute to six themes in the history of that period: nationalism and internationalism, mechanization of industry, modern architecture and urban planning, consumer culture, racial politics, and the Cold War. Students write brief papers connection these themes and one or more game or fair and a research paper on a relevant topic. Special attention is given to certain icons, like the Crystal Palace, the Eiffel Tower, the Nazi Olympics, and the Mexico City games.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: 43.106 The Modern World or the permission of the instructor.

Research Seminar (Formerly 43.432)

Description

Systematic research in primary and secondary sources culminating in the writing of an original research paper using proper methodological and stylistic techniques. Weekly meetings and written and oral progress reports. Students must be acquainted with word-processing techniques. Required of all History majors. Meets Core Curriculum Essential Learning Outcome for Applied & Integrative Learning (AIL), Critical Thinking & Problem Solving (CTPS), and Written & Oral Communication (WOC).

'Foreigners' of the Middle East (Formerly 43.443)

Description

This class focuses on how societies organize difference, looking at the relationships between national, ethnic, religious, racial, gender and /or socio-economic affiliations in creating and concretizing foreignness and minorities in the Arab Middle East and today's Turkey and Iran during the late Ottoman and colonial eras. This class includes engagement with historical sources, movies, memoirs and more, and requires several short papers and one longer term paper and presentation.

Prerequisites

Pre-req: HIST 1060 The Modern World, or HIST 1080 World Civilization II.

Directed Study (Formerly 43.491/591)

Description

Directed study offers the student the opportunity to engage in an independent study or research project under the supervision of a department member. Working closely with the instructor, students define and investigate a research topic in an area of special interest and present the results of their investigation in a significant paper. Juniors and seniors only. "Variable credit course, student chooses appropriate amount of credits when registering."

Practicum (Formerly 43.496)

Description

A program of on-campus and off-campus experiences for history majors only. Specific requirements vary depending upon the nature of the program undertaken by the student. The intent of the practicum experience is to provide an occasion for investigation of a community, social, cultural, or artistic area and for applying techniques of problem solving and/or skills that are appropriate to the student's major discipline. May be repeated for a maximum of nine credits. Students are graded 'satisfactory' or 'unsatisfactory.' The practicum experience may not be substituted for a required course in the major.

Tsongas Center Field Practice (Formerly 43.497)

Description

This 3-credit hour course will be an addition to the History Department's other 400-level courses. Currently, students enrolled in the "Research Seminar" conduct primary original research and present that research in one or another format. Those in the "Directed Study" work with assigned faculty on the historiographic breadth of a particular topic, reading selected books, writing response papers, and meeting for weekly discussions. Additionally, the existing "Practicum" allows students to earn course credit for hands-on classroom and history museum projects. The "Tsongas Center Practicum" will combine elements of all three, and make it possible to identify the specific Tsongas Center focus as such on student transcripts.

Prerequisites

Pre-Req: 43.298 Intro to Historical Methods.